Section 50 BSA | Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023
Character as affecting damages.
In civil cases, the fact that the character of any person is such as to affect the amount of damages which he ought to receive, is relevant.
Explanation.—In this section and sections 46, 47 and 49, the word "character" includes both reputation and disposition; but, except as provided in section 49, evidence may be given only of general reputation and general disposition, and not of particular acts by which reputation or disposition has been shown.
PARTIII:
ON PROOF
CHAPTER III
FACTS WHICH NEED NOT BE PROVED
Section 51 BSA | Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023
Fact judicially noticeable need not be proved.
No fact of which the Court will take judicial notice need be proved.
Section 52 BSA | Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023
Facts of which Court shall take judicial notice.
(1) The Court shall take judicial notice of the following facts, namely:—
(a) all laws in force in the territory of India including laws having extra-territorial
operation;
(b) international treaty, agreement or convention with country or countries by India, or decisions made by India at international associations or other bodies;
(c) the course of proceeding of the Constituent Assembly of India, of Parliament of India and of the State Legislatures;
(d) the seals of all Courts and Tribunals;
(e) the seals of Courts of Admiralty and Maritime Jurisdiction, Notaries Public, and all seals which any person is authorised to use by the Constitution, or by an Act of Parliament or State Legislatures, or Regulations having the force of law in India;
(f) the accession to office, names, titles, functions, and signatures of the persons filling for the time being any public office in any State, if the fact of their appointment to such office is notified in any Official Gazette;
(g) the existence, title and national flag of every country or sovereign recognised by the Government of India;
(h) the divisions of time, the geographical divisions of the world, and public festivals, fasts and holidays notified in the Official Gazette;
(i) the territory of India;
(j) the commencement, continuance and termination of hostilities between the
Government of India and any other country or body of persons;
(k) the names of the members and officers of the Court and of their deputies and subordinate officers and assistants, and also of all officers acting in execution of its process, and of advocates and other persons authorised by law to appear or act before it;
(l) the rule of the road on land or at sea.
(2) In the cases referred to in sub-section (1) and also on all matters of public history, literature, science or art, the Court may resort for its aid to appropriate books or documents of reference and if the Court is called upon by any person to take judicial notice of any fact, it may refuse to do so unless and until such person produces any such book or document as it may consider necessary to enable it to do so.
Section 53 BSA | Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023
Facts admitted need not be proved.
No fact needs to be proved in any proceeding which the parties thereto or their agents agree to admit at the hearing, or which, before the hearing, they agree to admit by any writing under their hands, or which by any rule of pleading in force at the time they are deemed to have admitted by their pleadings:
Provided that the Court may, in its discretion, require the facts admitted to be proved otherwise than by such admissions.
CHAPTER IV OF ORAL EVIDENCE
Section 54 BSA | Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023
Proof of facts by oral evidence.
All facts, except the contents of documents may be proved by oral evidence.
Section 55 BSA | Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023
Oral evidence to be direct.
Oral evidence shall, in all cases whatever, be direct; if it refers to,—
(i) a fact which could be seen, it must be the evidence of a witness who says he saw it;
(ii) a fact which could be heard, it must be the evidence of a witness who says he heard it;
(iii) a fact which could be perceived by any other sense or in any other manner, it must be the evidence of a witness who says he perceived it by that sense or in that manner;
(iv) an opinion or to the grounds on which that opinion is held, it must be the evidence of the person who holds that opinion on those grounds:
Provided that the opinions of experts expressed in any treatise commonly offered for sale, and the grounds on which such opinions are held, may be proved by the production of such treatises if the author is dead or cannot be found, or has become incapable of giving evidence, or cannot be called as a witness without an amount of delay or expense which the Court regards as unreasonable:
Provided further that, if oral evidence refers to the existence or condition of any material thing other than a document, the Court may, if it thinks fit, require the production of such material thing for its inspection.
Comentários